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Ing. Alexandra Dvořáčková, Ph.D.

2025, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ISSN 2590-1982

The Coase Theorem holds a pivotal role in the theory of environmental economics and regulation. Its relevance for addressing real-world externality issues continues to be a topic of debate. Initially, we situate this groundbreaking contribution within its historical framework. We explore a range of applications of the Coase Theorem to real environmental challenges in the Czech Republic, differentiating between scenarios where the polluter or the pollutee bears the cost. Most significant instances of Coase-like negotiations involve more than two parties. It remains uncertain whether the results of these negotiations were Pareto optimal or merely Pareto improving. Despite its limited scope, Coasian bargaining over externalities provides a practical solution to problems that are challenging to resolve by other means.

2024, Driver-Car Interaction and Safety Conference 2023, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 94-108), ISBN 978-80-01-07387-2, ISSN 2336-5382

This publication focuses on the development of a regional system for monitoring and evaluating public bus delays in the Ústí nad Labem Region in the Czech Republic. The case study, through a questionnaire survey, addresses the issue of the value of time loss caused by delays in regional public bus transport in the Ústí nad Labem Region from both a societal and individual passenger perspective. The survey includes, in addition to opportunity costs, the necessity to use earlier buses due to uncertainty and the potential real financial loss of passengers, for instance, due to late arrival to work and p otential employer sanctions. Routes for the questionnaire survey were selected based on an analysis of the movement of the bus fleet to represent typical situations applicable to the entire bus transport network. The result is a financial evaluation of the losses caused by bus delays in relation to the number of passengers, the purpose of their journeys, and the value of their time. The findings reveal relatively high costs of time losses, which, when applying a co st benefit approach, allow for the return on larger infrastructure investments aimed at reducing these delays. The research results will contribute to the development of issues evaluating the economic efficiency of investments in transport infrastructure.

2024, 2024 Smart City Symposium Prague - IEEE PROCEEDINGS, New York, IEEE Press), ISBN 979-8-3503-6096-7, ISSN 2831-5618

The electrification of road transport can have significant impacts on the load on the electrical grid. It depends mainly on the number of vehicles being charged simultaneously and the charging power. However, it is unlikely that all cars will be charging at the same time. In this paper, a case study estimating the future load on the electric network by residential charging of electric cars in the Skalka housing estate in Ústí nad Labem is presented. In this study, vehicle stays in the area of the Skalka housing estate during the measured day were recorded, to which were subsequently assigned in several iterations model data on the distance traveled on the measured day and scenarios of usual vehicle use, established on basis of the outputs of the travel behavior survey 'Cesko v pohybu'. The charging times of the vehicles were derived from distance traveled, energy consumption and charging power. The performed iterations were subsequently statistically evaluated. Three strategies of charging were compared: unmanaged daily charging, managed daily charging and unmanaged occasional charging (after approx. 150-200 km). The conclusion is that in the least favorable case, which was unmanaged daily charging, a power corresponding to 1.2-1.3 kW per apartment in the location is needed. In the case of managed daily charging, the power peak shifts to the night hours and its value drops to half. In the case of occasional charging, the number of charging stations corresponding to one fifth of the number of electric cars is sufficient.

2020, Quantitative Methods in Economics : Multiple Criteria Decision Making XX : proceedings of the international scientific conference, Bratislava-Nové Mesto, Letra Edu), p. 333-342), ISBN 978-80-89962-60-0

Each transport mode needs a specific infrastructure to be operated. The same applies to tram transport. An integral part of the tram infrastructure is formed by shunting tracks at turning loops. The turning loops can have a variety of configurations (shapes). The shape depends primarily on the tram traffic volume. The construction of the tram infrastructure (including the turning loops) and their subsequent operation is very expensive for each tram transport operator. In addition, to the need for building a higher number of shunting tracks, the number of switches included at the turning loop etc. is higher. In addition to the construction costs, the maintenance costs for the turning loop increase proportionally as well. The article deals with the possibility of reducing the number of the shunting tracks. One of the ways how to reduce the number of necessary shunting tracks at the turning loop is to coordinate the arrivals and departures of individual tram connections. Mathematical programming can be used to deal with the coordination problem. Presenting a simple example, the article shows a basic principle of the positive impact of coordination on the necessary number of the shunting tracks at the turning loops.

2019, Proceedings of 37th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Economics 2019,, České Budějovice, Jihočeská universita v Českých Budějovicích), p. 228-233), ISBN 978-80-7394-760-6

In the transportation problem we decide about amounts of the commodity transported between the individual sources and destinations so that the total transportation costs are as minimal as possible. However, in real distribution systems which can be optimized by using the transportation problem some time constraints may arise. The time constraints may be defined for the sources or for the destinations; the constraints can be represented for example by opening hours of the sources or the destinations. Another time factor which may play an important role in the optimization process is represented by time durations of different operations which vehicles transporting the commodity must undergo in the distribution system - we can mention for example loading times, unloading times and so on. The basic transportation problem cannot deal with the additional time constraints. In the modified model we do not want to minimize only the total transportation costs but also additional costs resulting from delay times of the vehicles waiting for unloading. Such modification of the transportation problem can be named as the transportation problem with time windows.

2019, Sborník příspěvků z 11. ročníku mezinárodní vědecké konference Konkurence, Jihlava, Vysoká škola polytechnická Jihlava), p. 51-62), ISBN 978-80-88064-44-2

Konkurenceschopnost podniků obecně úzce souvisí s cost-managementem, jehož smyslem je řídit náklady tak, aby podnikové procesy vykazovaly maximální efektivitu. Jednou z možností, jak snižovat náklady při současném zachování podstatných, zejména kvalitativních parametrů podnikových procesů, je využití optimalizačních metod. Jednou z úloh, kde optimalizace představuje podporu rozhodování v delším časovém horizontu, je lokační úloha zaměřená na budování nebo reorganizaci distribučního systému. Lokační úloha zohledňuje při optimalizaci náklady na přepravu a fixní náklady obslužných zařízení. Toto pojetí nákladů není z hlediska praxe zcela vyhovující. Článek prezentuje přístupy, které umožní zvolit vhodnou variantu modelu lokační úlohy v závislosti na používaných kalkulačních postupech a způsobech řízení nákladů. Takto vybraný model bude lépe odrážet ekonomickou realitu, nebude zvyšovat administrativní zátěž a tím přispěje ke zvýšení efektivity a konkurenceschopnosti.

2018, Quantitative Methods in Economics (Multiple Criteria Decision Making XIX), Bratislava, University of Economics in Bratislava), p. 373-379), ISBN 978-80-89962-08-2

Facility location problems belong to a group of basic tasks that are solved within distribution logistics. Previously published models consider investment costs that are incorporated into the total costs of the distribution system but do not take into account the volume of goods that are distributed via the warehouse. However, in practice this simplification is incorrect. It is usual for investment costs to be stepped and linked to the volume of goods that go through the warehouse. In this article, a model of such a distribution system is presented and selected results of calculation experiments carried out in order to test the functionality of the proposed mathematical model are demonstrated.

2018, 36th International Conference Mathemtical Methods in Economics: Conference Proceedings, Praha, MATFYZPRESS, vydavatelství Matematicko-fyzikální fakulty UK), p. 579-584), ISBN 978-80-7378-371-6

Logistic chains must be planned efficiently and economically. Effectiveness demands goods being delivered to the required quality while economic criteria ask for delivery of goods at minimal cost. The following article considers the economic facets of the delivery process as expressed against the total costs of the process. Operation research methods, specifically mathematical programming models, will be used to calculate economic optimization scenarios. A range of distribution problems can be calculated by means of mathematical programming. Mathematical models applied to various problems may differ: some variants of the problems include locations of warehouses which are known; for others warehouse locations must be determined. In addition, particular customers may require deliveries from different locations at the same time; other customers may restrict deliveries to a single supplier. This article examines a problem in which warehouse locations must be determined (potential locations are known) and each customer may only take delivery from a single (operational) storage point. This type of problems is termed a facility location problem. In the course of this problem it shall be assumed that storage points at each location may be set up in any of multiple variants, which differ in capacity and subsequent associated setup costs. The optimization criteria taken into account will be the total costs for setting up a warehouse, its maintenance and cargo delivering. In addition to these cost criteria, the problem will take into account a second variable expressing the worst (maximum) time availability. A requirement for minimization will be set for both criteria. The STEM methodology will be used for calculations.

2017, Risks of Processes and their Management, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Fakulta dopravní), p. 133-151), ISBN 978-80-01-06186-2

Paper deals with the emergency transport in terms of marketing communications. It focuses on communication related to carrier – customer relationship and provides examples of usable communication channels. It briefly describes the basic types of emergency situations in traffic and defines them for basic communication objectives and in the context of this touches upon topics of measuring the effectiveness of communication.