People
Ing. Stanislav Pleninger, Ph.D.

2025, The Aeronautical Journal, 2025 (1), ISSN 2059-6464

The presented research investigates the impact of interference on the performance of aircraft Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with a specific focus on the behaviour of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) position quality indicators. Several experiments were performed with different aircraft types, such as Airbus, Boeing, Beechcraft King Air B350 or Tecnam, and using various intensities of GNSS jamming. The behaviour of various quality indicators, such as the Navigation Integrity Category, Navigation Accuracy Category, Source Integrity Level and System Design Assurance transmitted in different types of ADS-B messages, is analysed. We investigate not only situations where the quality indicators drop to zero, but also the complete evolution of the changes in the indicators as a function of the increasing power of the jamming signal. Based on the analysis of changes in the ADS-B quality indicators, the estimation of the most likely interference signal power required to discontinue the tracking of an already acquired GPS L1 Coarse/Acquisition signal is made. Additionally, the interference signal power to prevent re-acquisition is also estimated. The findings improve the understanding of interference effects and can support the development of robust interference mitigation techniques in aviation applications.

2025, The Aeronautical Journal, 1331 (129), p. 206-223), ISSN 2059-6464

The threat of GNSS interference poses a great danger to many critical infrastructure systems including air navigation. With a focus on mitigating this threat, this paper proposes a methodology for detecting GNSS interference. The methodology utilises the quality indicator NACp transmitted in ADS-B messages and GPS almanac data for interference detection. The NACp indicator enables estimation of the position error derived from GPS, which is compared with the HDOP value of the GPS satellite constellation. Based on this comparison, the developed detection algorithm determines whether the aircraft is affected by jamming. The detection methodology is evaluated on datasets obtained during deliberate experiments with GPS jamming. The proposed methodology provides a way to detect GNSS interference, facilitating mitigation of its impact on air traffic operation.

2024, New Trends in Civil Aviation: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on New Trends in Civil Aviation 2024, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 213-218), ISBN 978-80-01-07182-3

The paper investigates the impact of spoofing in the form of meaconing on the performance of aircraft Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver and ground mobile positioning transmitter that is commonly used for tracking of non-transponder equipped targets on the airport's surface. The interference scenarios were twofold, first consisting of GNSS L1 meaconing with increasing power levels and second with GNSS L1 jamming followed up by meaconing. The impact was investigated by analysing the changes in positional information and position quality indicators transmitted by the Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast System. Due to the high dependence of aviation on the use of Global Positioning System, meaconing represents a serious security risk. Thus, the knowledge of the resilience of individual systems is key information in specifying response procedures and countermeasures.

2024, Journal of Air Transport Management, 119, ISSN 0969-6997

The future development of aeronautical navigation foresees an infrastructure rationalization of radionavigation aids with the aim of maintaining only the Minimum Operational Network, which brings benefits in terms of operational cost savings, promotes sustainability and optimal use of the radio spectrum. To ensure that the necessary navigation performance is preserved, the Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) plays a significant role, as DME/DME navigation is a short-term contingency solution when Global Navigation Satellite System is unavailable. Therefore, new DME ground stations are put into operation even though other navigation aids are being decommissioned at the same time. This paper addresses a question of possible DME network rationalization by developing a software model using a combination of a rule-based model, approximating of airborne DME interrogators interacting with DME ground transponders, with the implementation of the Gradient Boosting Regression to predict load of DME ground stations. The model is validated by comparing the results with the real load data obtained from an Air Navigation Service Provider. Several test cases are performed to evaluate the capability of the European DME network, simulating a reduction in the number of en-route DME stations and increases in air traffic using clustering methods. The results show that the ground station load limit was rarely reached, demonstrating the robustness and the potential for rationalization of the DME infrastructure.

2023

Dokument představuje výsledek V03 (Poradní a doporučující materiály) projektu Inovativní způsob navigace vrtulníků letecké záchranné služby v České republice s využitím GNSS, postupů Point in Space a tratí Low Level Routes (CK01000031). Výsledek je nezbytnou součástí projektu, jelikož vedle definované koncepce jsou nutné také správné postupy pro její využití a zavedení do praxe. Hlavním přínosem výsledku je snazší a urychlená implementace postupů PinS v ČR.

2023

Cílem této studie je navrhnout koncept provozu (CONOPS postupů PinS a LLR) a příslušnou studii bezpečnosti (Safety Study) umožňující využít přístrojové postupy pro lety vrtulníků (přiblížení, přistání, odlety, traťové lety) v neřízeném vzdušném prostoru a pod minimální výškou pro radarové vektorování, přičemž bude dosahovat akceptovatelné úrovně provozní bezpečnosti. Pro splnění tohoto cíle je třeba využít nejlepší praxi existujících postupů, identifikovat překážky současného prostředí a navrhnout jejich odstranění, definovat základní předpoklady bezpečných postupů, navrhnout koncept provozu pro PinS a koncept provozu pro nízké letové tratě (LLR – Low Level Routes), zhodnotit provozní bezpečnost navržených řešení, provést ekonomickou analýzu zavedení konceptů provozu a zhodnotit provozní přínosy při implementaci konceptů provozu, včetně analýzy dopadů na jiné uživatele vzdušného prostoru.

2022, 2022 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA), Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 81-85), ISBN 978-80-01-06985-1, ISSN 2694-7854

EUROCONTROL and other European organizations place great emphasis on the efficiency of the use of the radio frequency band 1030/1090 due to its heavy load. One of the major contributors to the load on this band is the excessive number of replies that aircraft emit as a result of “Mode S Only All Call” interrogations from SSR Mode S radars. The dominant source of these replies is the area that arises between the end of the radar's surveillance coverage map to the border where transponder minimum triggering level (MTL) is achieved. Therefore, it should be an effort that the interrogation power is optimally adapted to the set surveillance coverage map and is not unnecessarily greater. Based on the processing of replies from aircraft, the paper analyzes how large this area is and whether there is a clear relationship between the set size of the surveillance coverage map and the so-called physical range of the radar. The aim is to find out how manufacturers and air navigation service providers (ANSPs) approach this setting. The paper uses data available from the Open Sky Network portal, and the analysis is performed on a sample of selected SSR within the European region.

2022, 2022 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA), Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 69-73), ISBN 978-1-6654-5190-1

This paper dissertates about utilization of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) parameters Navigation Accuracy Category for Position (NACp) and Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) for possible identification of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming. GNSS jamming poses a high-security risk not only for aviation. ADS-B transmitted from most of the aircraft brings a possibility to use the ADS-B to identify the presence of GNSS jamming. Therefore, aircraft are used as detectors to identify jamming presence with wide area coverage. A method for GNSS jamming detection using the correlation of NACp and NIC ADS-B parameters is presented in this article. The results of applying this method on multiple real datasets are shown and discussed.

2021, Proceedings of the “Transport Means 2021”, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 328-331), ISSN 1822-296X

The paper introduces the method to mapping the Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Mode S operational coverage based on passive receiving and analysis of replies from aircraft. The article presents the achieved results using data obtained from the OpenSky Network database. The OpenSky Network is a non-profit organization providing an extensive database with a global reach based on the collection of aircraft information over the publicly accessible 1090 MHz radio frequency channel. These data allowed us to carried out analysis over a large area of Europe and verify whether the method based on the analysis of All-Call replies brings usable results for determining operational coverage of secondary surveillance radars used by individual Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP).

2020, TRANSPORT MEANS 2020 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24rd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 491-495), ISSN 1822-296X

The aircraft surveillance systems ensure every adequately equipped aircraft will be tracked by other aircraft or on-ground sensor and presented on screens to the air traffic controllers or pilots. There are various applications in aviation used for these purposes. Since the main purpose of the usage of such systems is safety, which is necessary to be addressed more than ever before because of the constantly rising air traffic volume, there are new legislative measures being introduced on national and international levels to help maintain the system safe and with certain level of redundancy. Because of those actions and high air traffic volume, the used frequency band becomes saturated which can cause the aircraft transponders stop working and thus not providing aircraft position data. This paper analyzes the effect of the new 2020 European Commission requirement, which is mandating all aircraft of certain category to be equipped with ADS-B version 2 capable transponders, to the 1090 MHz band load. Since the ADS-B version 2 capable transponders transmit more messages on the shared frequency band than the previous ADS-B version 0 capable transponders, the attention is paid on ACAS hybrid surveillance implementation, which could partially compensate the increase of messages caused by the new ADS-B equipage mandate and thus slow down the band saturation.

2020, Energies, 13 (23), ISSN 1996-1073

The purpose of this paper is to describe the upcoming changes that will bring the transition from piston engines to all-electric aircrafts. The article focuses on the differences in operation of small general aviation aircrafts. This topic is timely, as the first all-electric aircraft was certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in 2019. As there are no data concerning this new type of operation available, the data have been derived from other applicable sources. At first, we compared the energy consumption of the same aircraft with the piston engine, and then afterwards with the retrofitted all-electric variant. Our results focus on the difference in fuel price, which is discussed in the context of electricity price comparison with AVGAS prices. Moreover, we discuss the environmental impacts, especially concerning electricity source mix and emissions produced (we estimate both with and without life-cycle assessment). In the discussion, we compare the results and identify the benefits of an all-electric solution. Furthermore, several operational restrictions of all-electric aircrafts are discussed.

2020, MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development, 8 (4), p. 6-11), ISSN 1805-7578

The aim of this paper is to provide performance assessment of Alternative Navigation Positioning and Timing (APNT) systems considered possible GNSS backup in European region. The performance of the APNT systems is assessed based on their performance characteristics such as accuracy, integrity, and by additional beneficial abilities, that could help by implementation or could provide different added value in terms of solving certain issues in the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) domain.

2020, 2020 New Trends in Civil Aviation, Praha, IEEE Czechoslovakia Section), p. 123-128), ISBN 978-80-01-06726-0, ISSN 2694-7854

The ADS-B system is one of the key pillars of the future surveillance infrastructure, where the provided position information is predominantly dependent on the availability and quality of GNSS position information. The article presents the findings obtained during a real-time measurement in which the GNSS receiver within the multi-mode receiver (MMR) on the B737 MAX was interfered. In addition to identifying the power level sufficient to disable the GNSS receiver on this aircraft, the article further describes the behavior of the ADS-B system under jamming conditions. The experiment was performed on the ground, i.e., both the aircraft and the jammer were stationary during all phases of measurement.

2020, 2020 New Trends in Civil Aviation, Praha, IEEE Czechoslovakia Section), p. 9-15), ISBN 978-80-01-06726-0, ISSN 2694-7854

With the increasing dependency on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for navigation and surveillance, aviation is focusing on mitigation of threats caused by a possible system unavailability due to jamming or spoofing. This research deals with pattern recognition of the time evolution of quality indicators in transmitted Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) messages during GNSS jamming in non jammed data over Central Europe. An evaluation of the quality indicators from all messages within a one month interval is presented. A practical jamming experiment was done to determine how the quality indicators are changing during a jamming presence. Afterwards, the results of the experiment are used as a foundation for the proposed jamming detection technique using ADS-B data based on pattern recognition and cluster analysis. A natural presence of a quality indicators variability is proven in the data using these methods, similar to the indicators variability during GNSS jamming.

2019, SAMI 2019 IEEE 17th World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics - PROCEEDINGS, Prague, Czechoslovakia Section IEEE), p. 17-22), ISBN 978-1-7281-0250-4

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) has become an essential part of civil aircraft’s avionics. The surveillance function of this system provides each aircraft with the position information of other aircraft in vicinity. In order to acquire the position data, the system sends standardized messages on 1030 MHz radio frequency and receives replies on 1090 MHz. Since this frequency band is shared among all surveillance systems used in aviation, it is becoming saturated with the constantly rising air traffic volume. As a result of this saturation the air traffic controllers may not receive all messages transmitted by an aircraft which would lead to inaccurate indication on the radar screens. In order to determine how much ACAS contributes to the overall frequency saturation, it is necessary to observe its behaviour in real environment. This paper should analyze a few selected parameters, such as ACAS surveillance range, nominal surveillance rate or ADS-B version and find out their real values. For this purpose real messages received at 1090 MHz receivers were used and evaluated. The results showed the real value of ACAS surveillance range is much higher than the value stated in technical standards. Other results helped to define the nominal surveillance rate and show that the version of ADS-B which is mostly used in real environment is ADS-B ICAO version 0. These findings can be used as inputs to the tool for RF channels 1030/1090 MHz loading analysis.

2019, TRANSPORT MEANS 2019 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23rd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 1128-1134), ISSN 1822-296X

Considering the requirements for the elementary and enhanced surveillance Mode S transponder capability within Europe, an amount of information contained in Comm-B replies of addressed surveillance has increased,and a varied data from on board of an aircraft may be obtained by a receiver onfrequency 1090 MHz. In order to decode the received flight data without the knowledge of the initial SSRinterrogation, the so-called BDS register number is necessary to determine. For this purpose, more algorithms have been created to identify the particular type of the Comm-B replies. This paper deals not only with a comparison of different approaches of the BDS number determining, but it also aims at finding the advantages of each algorithm for recommendation with a view to improve current solutions.

2019, TRANSPORT MEANS 2019 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23rd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 555-559), ISSN 1822-296X

Nowadays air navigation service providers (ANSP) use three main sources of surveillance information: SSR Mode S, MLAT systems, and ADS-B. Current cooperativesurveillance systems are typically characterized not only by determiningthe air targets position but also by acquiringa large amount of other aircraft-related information. The pressure to the interrogation of more and more information is constantly increasing. Unfortunately, all main above mentioned surveillance systems are based on sharing the same frequency band without any direct cooperation, which makes this problem even more difficult when no possible to count on the availability of any new cooperativesurveillance technology in the foreseeable future. The paperaims to show how would be possible to efficiently meet the current and future surveillance requirements by means of strengthening the cooperation of these systems. It alsodealswith the concept of complete removal of the so-called “All-Call” period from the SSR Mod S radar interrogation schemedeals in more, where excludingof the primary target detection capability would be compensated byreceiving of appropriate information from the MLAT or ADS-B system. Feasibility aspects and the benefits of this concept are discussed.

2019, Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Military Technologies, Prague, Czechoslovakia Section IEEE), ISBN 978-1-7281-4593-8

This paper focuses on the increasing possibilities of detecting GNSS interference. The interference could significantly harm the user of GNSS signal, which can be used even for safety related services. Therefore, there is an increasing need for system capable to detect the GNSS interference. Moreover, when the protected area is larger, such as airport or perimeter of amilitary base, the need for correct positioning of the interference detection system is of the same importance as the system capabilities. In this paper, methodology for detector stations arrangement is evaluated to enable maximum benefits, i.e. to limit the risk of a failure to localize the position of the source of GNSS interference. The methodology could be used for any type of interference detector to propose optimum arrangement of the detector stations and to evaluate overall coverage of the specific interference detector constellation.

2018, New Trends in Civil Aviation, Leiden, CRC Press/Balkema), p. 123-128), ISBN 978-0-8153-7602-6

Mapping of secondary surveillance infrastructure using time-based analysis of transponder replies may provide up-to-date information in terms of number of operating radars in area and their rotation periods. This may be key data for various recent RF 1090 MHz saturation models and studies. Nevertheless, the times of radar-solicited reply arrivals may deviate from periodic patterns due to the aircraft motion. Recognition of such patterns in the recorded mixture of replies to different radars is thus more complicated. The aim of the paper is to propose a method for evaluating arrival time irregularities due to aircraft motion that may be a limiting factor. Hence, it may contribute to development and calibration of the secondary radar detection algorithms using time-based analysis of transponder reply mixtures.

2018, TRANSPORT MEANS 2018 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 517-521), ISSN 1822-296X

This paper is focused on approach procedures and related noise impact on settlements close to airport. The objective is to evaluate four operational noise mitig ation measures for Vaclav Havel Airport Prague runway 24, which is the most used runway at this airport. Evaluated mitigation measures are increased glide slope angle, curved approach, two-segment approach and displaced threshold. Based on MATLAB modelling, these measures are compared and the best one is chosen.

2018, MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development, 6 (2), p. 6-9), ISSN 1805-7578

The article presents a method that allows achieved the greater completeness of the record during the reconstruction of emitted SSR transponder messages captured by terrestrial receivers. The method is based on a fusion of records from several ground-based receivers. The second part of the article presents and evaluates the results achieved using this method on the network of the low-cost ADS-B receivers in the Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Transportation Sciences. Some inevitable phenomena are demonstrated that this measurement method brings.

2018, New Trends in Civil Aviation, Leiden, CRC Press/Balkema), p. 255-259), ISBN 978-0-8153-7602-6

EUROCONTROL member states approach to address the implementation of instrument procedures at uncontrolled aerodromes using GNSS is not uniform. Two basic concepts can be identified, namely the implementation of IFR procedures on instrument runways and the implementation of so-called Cloud Break Procedures. For these concepts, their pros and cons are determined. Thereafter, an analysis of the attitude of EUROCONTROL member states to implement these approaches is performed. It can be deducted from the results that, despite the unity of Europe, each state is autonomous and solves the operation in its own way. This situation is a major obstacle to the development of aviation in Europe, as there is no single path to be followed.

2018, MATEC Web of Conferences, Les Ulis Cedex A, EDP Sciences - Web of Conferences), ISSN 2261-236X

The SSR Mode S technology is currently one of the major means of surveillance in ATM. Addressed surveillance enables the elicitation of replies from Mode S transponder on board of an aircraft containing different flight informatio n in the so-called BDS registers. The type of BDS register as well as its content is characterised by a number of the BDS registers which is determined according to SSR interrogation by default. The study deals with the development of a heuristic algorithm for identification of a particular BDS register with the assumption that the radar query is unknown. A BDS number is assigned to the appropriate message on the basis of the unique bit sequences and other criteria. The algorithm provides the opportunity to obtain various flight data from the aircraft by only receiving addressed surveillance replies on 1090 MHz frequency.

2018, BulTrans-2018 Proceedings, Sofia, Technical University Academic Publishing House), p. 47-50), ISSN 1313-955X

This article dissertates about problems which shall be taken into account during the placement of the GNSS jamming detector. Our article is part of the work on the project to develop detector of GNSS jamming usable for securing of an aerodrome area. The main ability of the detector is to identify and found source or either jamming or spoofing of GNSS signal. The planned usage is mainly on airports which use GNSS either for ground operations or PBN approaches. The need to protect the large area with one detector represents the problem in terms of detector positioning. To ensure the best possible probability to capture the jamming signal is the position of the detector essential. Several aspects which may strongly influence the ideal position of the detector were identified and best practice is discussed.

2018, TRANSPORT MEANS 2018 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 391-394), ISSN 1822-296X

An aeronautical surveillance infrastructure in technologically developed regions is primarily based on cooperative systems. A core part of the infrastructure consists of Secondary Surveillance Radars (SSR), Multilateration systems (MLAT) and an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). Due to the inherent nature of the cooperative technologies, the on-board transponders and the 1030/1090 MHz frequencies are shared among all the systems. The collective usage combined with growing air traffic and the necessity for extracting downlink airborne parameters using Mode S result in large demands on RF spectrum and on the on-board equipment. The increasing occupancy goes hand in hand with increasing probability of an interrogation interference. The prospect of a surveillance information loss highlights the need to analyse and possibly predict the behaviour of 1030/1090 MHz environment by air navigation service providers. This paper focuses on a plausibility of approximating the SSR Mode S (selective) interrogation sequences in multi-radar coverage to a Pure Aloha protocol which incorporates a mutual independence of radar systems and an interrogation retransmission. The feasibility of the approximation is evaluated using simulation of a typical interrogation sequence while analysing the Mode S transponder throughput. The Pure Aloha model parameters to fit the selected interrogation sequence are devised.

2018, TRANSPORT MEANS 2018 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Kaunas University of Technology), p. 311-314), ISSN 1822-296X

The paper deals with the mapping of an area behind the secondary surveillance radar mode S (SSR Mode S) operational (surveillance) coverage where the power level of interrogations is still above the triggering level of the on-board transponders. The goal was to find out the size of these areas in a real environment and the aspects which can affect their proportions. The method was based on the ground receiving of aircraft replies that contain an identification of the radar by which they were excited. A more detailed statistical description of these areas has significant implication into further activities as far as 1090 MHz RF band pollution alleviation is concerned.

2018, New Trends in Civil Aviation, Leiden, CRC Press/Balkema), p. 65-69), ISBN 978-0-8153-7602-6

The 1090 MHz radio-frequency band is the key band used by cooperative surveillance systems in the aviation. The various types of surveillance systems and different modes of its operation has significant influence to the frequency band load. The article analyses the contributions of particular types of systems based on measurement of replies emitted by on-board transponders in the airspace of the Czech Republic region. The types of messages that the most negatively contribute to the load of the band were identified. The downlink format 11 messages have been identified as the most problematic in terms of their benefits and quantities. The source of existences of their large number is shown in the article and outlined potential steps that could help to mitigation the amount of such replies are identified. On the other hand there is explained how these messages can be successfully used to get an independent overview of the SSR Mode S radar operational coverage.

2017, MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development, 5 (3), p. 6-12), ISSN 1805-7578

There is lack of available statistical data in the field of quality indicators in ADS-B messages, particularly in Czech airspace. Quality indicators in the ADS-B message define if this message can be used by ATM applications. This article is devoted to the analysis of quality indicators in the ADS-B messages. The data collected in the Czech airspace during six months were analysed. These data were statistically evaluated. The main objective is the statistical evaluation of the data and comparing them with quality requirements in Europe. The article deals with results of the statistics and assessment of the level of quality. Results are satisfactory and similar to the results published by EUROCONTROL and FAA. According to the examined data, 86.42% of them meets the EASA requirements in RAD environment. As ADS-B is not mandatory yet, it is possible to state that these results are satisfying.

2017, MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development, 5 (1), p. 17-21), ISSN 1805-7578

The article describes the proposed methodology for performance evaluation of Pre-Departure Sequencing tools. Pre-departure management delivers optimal traffic flow to the runway by route planning and accurate taxi time forecasts. Firstly, a Pre-Departure Sequencer Start-Up Manager (SUM) used by Air Navigation Services of the Czech Republic (ANS CZ) at Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (LKPR) is mentioned. The main parts deal with the proposed methodology for performance evaluation of Start-Up Manager. The methodology uses several indicators to evaluate the performance. The methodology utilizes time milestones introduced in Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) concept. It focuses especially on aircraft pre-departure sequencing processes. Methodology was tested on the Start-Up Manager used by Air Navigation Services (ANS) of the Czech Republic at Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (LKPR). Achieved performance results and its credibility in accordance with the proposed methodology are presented and discussed in the final part of this paper.

2017, TRANSPORT MEANS 2017 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, Kaunas, Technical University), p. 286-290), ISSN 1822-296X

The worldwide radio frequency band 1030/1090 MHz is used to support cooperative aeronautical surveillance systems such as secondary surveillance radars (SSR), automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), multilateration systems (MLAT), and airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). The continuous requirements for growth of transmissions makes this band very congested in the high-density airspace. In the paper there are presented the results of measurement from the area of the Czech Republic, the most significant sources of RF pollution are identified and the possible solution to mitigation of RF band congestion are discussed. The method of the measurement is based on the ground receivers which enables time unbounded measurement and more cost effective solution compare to flight measurement, but on the other hand such approach has other specifics and limitations. The possibilities of overcoming some of that limitations are described in this paper.