People
prof. Dr. Leonard Johannes Mathias Rothkrantz

2022, ISBN 978-3-0365-4147-1

Smart Cities seek to optimize their systems by increasing integration through approaches such as increased interoperability, seamless system integration, and automation. Thus, they have the potential to deliver substantial efficiency gains and eliminate redundancy. To add to the complexity of the problem, the integration of systems for efficiency gains may compromise the resilience of an urban system. This all needs to be taken into consideration when thinking about Smart Cities. The transportation field must also apply the principles and concepts mentioned above. This cannot be understood without considering its links and effects on other components of an urban system. New technologies allow for new means of travel to be built, and new business models allow for the existing ones to be utilized. This Special Issue puts together papers with different focuses, but all of them tackle the topic of smart mobility.

2020, 2020 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP), Vienna, IEEE Industrial Electronic Society), ISBN 978-1-7281-6821-0

Current route planners on smart phones or special routing devices try to minimize the traveling time. But many users are no longer interested in the shortest route in time but they prefer a healthier route. In many smart cities there is a centralized distributed network of sensors measuring the pollution in a city on different locations for different time of the day. In this paper we present a routing App computing the less polluted route along the streets using the measurement of the eco sensors. The council of a smart city takes care of the health of their citizens. The developed routing App enables travelers with lung diseases to choose a healthy route. The routing algorithm is based on a special variant of the well-known Ant Based Control routing algorithm. To combine data measuring pollution and shortest traveling time, we solved a special multi- parameter problem. In some experiments we performed a user test of the routing App on different time and location.

2019, 3rd Annual Science Fiction Prototyping Conference 2019: Designing Your Future With Science Fiction, SciFi-It 2019, Ghent, EUROSIS - ETI), p. 7-11), ISBN 9789492859068

A Smart City can be considered as an open living lab, where new technology will be developed, implemented and tested. The focus of smart cities in this paper is on the safety of citizens, sustainable energy, risk prevention of disasters, smart transport systems using information technology and Internet of Things. Smart cameras and smart sensor systems play a crucial role in smart cities. Citizens are surveyed by smart cameras, registrating their presence, their activities but also their needs and security. Big Brother is watching you, the Orwellian Nightmare come true. In this paper we focus on the smart city of Amsterdam. At the entrance road of the city smart cameras register all entering vehicles; their license place will be recognized and checked for access in available databases. Similar smart cameras check car drivers for their access to the inner city and green zones. But not only car drivers are surveyed. Entering boats on the many waterways of Amsterdam are surveyed. Every vessel is supposed to have a transponder on board with an Automatic Identification System (AIS), enabling control of anomaly of shipping on the water and detection of intruders. This paper is a survey paper of developed technology and research around smart cities.

2019, 2019 Smart City Symposium Prague, New York, IEEE Press), ISBN 978-1-7281-0497-3

The recovery of the economy, after the crisis at the beginning of this century, causes an enormous increase of traffic on the roads in the Netherlands in and around cities. After many years of discussion road pricing is considered as the most reasonable solution. Car drivers have to pay additional tax if they use the entrance roads of a city during peak times. A network of surveillance cameras along the roads have been installed and tested to register entering cars on the access roads. For many years sensors in the road surface are used to measure speed of cars on the roads to generate alarming messages for upcoming traffic jams and to provide alternative routes via panels along the road. Finally there is also a huge electrical network of traffic lights along the roads. By the enormous rise of mobile phones the interest in existing wired networks along the road is decreasing. In this paper we discuss the revival of wired networks and the integration with wireless networks.

2018, International Journal on Information Technologies and Security, 10 (4), p. 25-36), ISSN 1313-8251

A crisis, terroristic attack or disaster may be represented by a sequence of pictures visualizing events and actions. It is possible to sample frames from real video recordings. But not every sequence of frames tells a story. Prototypes of disasters are represented, remembered and recognized as scripts in the shared memory of humans. To test this hypothesis many aggressive scenes were played by actors and recorded. Storyboards are used to analyze the scenes. Experiments and results of analysis are presented in this paper.

2018, COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES (COMPSYSTECH'18), New York, Association of Computing Machinery), p. 12-19), ISBN 978-1-4503-6425-6

In most European countries, websites are available with route planners and real time information about incidents and expected delay on the highways. These websites enable car drivers to plan their route from start to destination. On their way, they can use route planners on their smart phone or other devices. Recent route planners take care of incidents on the roads. However, none of these planners takes care of the future. In this paper, we present a route planner integrating information from experts in the traffic centers and a route planner based on a dynamic version of the Dijkstra algorithm.

2018, 19th Bulgarian International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (CompSysTech), New York, Association of Computing Machinery), p. 144-151), ISBN 978-1-4503-6425-6

At this moment many universities have developed their own MOOCs, open liar students all over the world. This new way of distant learning stimulated the development of innovative teaching/learning models and new learning materials. In recent years at some universities, experiments were running focused on the integration of MOOCs material in regular courses. The shortcomings of regular MOOCs as high dropout rates, incomplete assignments and missing cooperation between students have been solved by a new didactic model, hybrid course and mandatory presence. The role of teachers has been changed from massive oral presentation to course manager. The integration of MOOCs has been tested in several courses at TUDelft and a controlled experiment at Czech Technical University in Prague

2018, Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos, ACIIW 2017, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.), p. 56-61), ISBN 9781538606803

Negative emotions and stress can impact human-human interactions and eventually lead to aggression. From the perspective of surveillance systems, it is of high importance to recognize as soon as an interaction escalates and human intervention is needed. One of the limitations of deploying a system in real life is that in practice it can only be trained on a limited number of situations. In this paper we examined the generalization capabilities of a trained system given context change. For this purpose we developed scenarios and made audio-visual recordings in four different contexts in which negative interactions might occur. To obtain a quantification of cross-context performance we kept the test context fixed and performed training on itself (cross-validation) and on all the other contexts. To explore whether multiple examples in the training set are beneficial, we also trained the classifier on a merged corpus of the three contexts that were not used for testing. These experiments were done with audio features, video features and audio-visual feature level fusion to investigate which modality generalizes best. We found that context change generates a decrease in performance that is varying with within-contexts similarities. Merging multiple contexts for training in most cases results in performance just below the best predictive single context. Audio is the most robust modality and in most cases the performance of audio-visual fusion is very close to the one of audio

2018, 2018 Smart City Symposium Prague, New York, IEEE Press), p. 1-6), ISBN 978-1-5386-5017-2

Most routing devices can be used by pedestrians to find the shortest path to their destination. But in many cases not the shortest path but the fastest path is required. In this paper we discuss a variant of a dynamic routing algorithm based on AntBasedControl algorithm. The algorithm has been deployed in a centralized and decentralized routing system. People on their route use their smart phone to exchange traveling information with the central routing system or with other pedestrians via WIFI ad hoc networks (MANOC). Both systems can be used to route pedestrians from source to destination or to find the exit in shopping malls but also to route pedestrians to shelters and safe areas in case of a crisis. The algorithm and test experiments will be presented in the paper.

2017, DRIVE-CAR INTERACTION & SAFETY CONFERENCE, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 13-23), ISBN 978-80-01-06336-1, ISSN 2336-5382

Car simulators are essential for training and for analyzing the behavior, the responses and the performance of the driver. Augmented Reality (AR) is the technology that enables virtual images to be overlaid on views of the real world. Affective Computing (AC) is the technology that helps reading emotions by means of computer systems [1][2][3], by analyzing body gestures, facial expressions, speech and physiological signals. The key aspect of the research relies on investigating novel interfaces that help building situational awareness and emotional awareness, to enable affect-driven remote collaboration in AR for car driving simulators. The problem addressed relates to the question about how to build situational awareness (using AR technology) and emotional awareness (by AC technology), and how to integrate these two distinct technologies [4], into a unique affective framework for training, in a car driving simulator.

2017, DRIVE-CAR INTERACTION & SAFETY CONFERENCE, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 83-93), ISBN 978-80-01-06336-1, ISSN 2336-5382

In recent years many car manufacturers developed digital co-drivers, which are able to monitor the driving behaviour of a car. Sensors in the car measure if a car passes speed limits, leaves its lane, or violates other traffic rules. A new generation of co-drivers is based on sensors in the car which are able to monitor the driver behaviour. Driving a car is a sequence of actions. In case a driver doesn't show one of the actions the co-driver generates a warning signal. Experiments in the car simulator TORC were performed to extract the actions of a car driver. These actions were used to develop probabilistic models of the driving behaviour. A prototype of a warning system has been developed and tested in the car simulator. The experiments and test results will be reported in this paper.

2017, 2017 Smart City Symposium Prague, Praha, ČVUT, Fakulta dopravní, Ústav dopravních systémů), ISBN 978-1-5386-3825-5

To increase the safety of citizens a network of surveillance cameras has been installed all over the city. These cameras enable analysis of behavior of people and objects. Aggressive behavior is from nature multimodal. Microphones attached to these cameras are not able to analyze speech in a noisy environments and if the speaker is too far away. Lip-movements of a talking mouth can be recorded and understood under limited conditions. From recent progress in the area of Artificial Intelligence it can be expected that large scale lip-reading will be possible next future. In this paper we report the state of the art of lip-reading for the Dutch language. We present a prototype developed at Delft University of Technology. The model is based on the Active Appearance model and Hidden Markov models. The results of experiments with the lip-reading will be represented too. The system has been successfully applied in trains to detect aggressive acts and violence against people and material.

2017, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SUPPORTED EDUCATION, Setùbal, SciTePress), p. 505-512), ISBN 978-989-758-239-4

In recent years we observed an enormous rise of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). A problem of MOOCs is the high dropout rate. This caused by the lack of an appropriate didactic model, low interaction students teacher, poor feedback mechanism. In this paper we propose some improvements. Our proposed didactic model is a description of the learning interaction process in the course of the time. Emotions play an important role in this model. It proves that emotions have a great impact on the study behaviour of students. Some emotions as happiness, can stimulate students to go on with the study, other emotions as fear for exams, anger, disappointment about results of exams can block the study behaviour of students. Next we present some educational actions grounded on our model and proposed to decrease the dropout rates. One of the actions is based on verbal and nonverbal feedback of students about their emotional state. Our proposed actions are tested on a small scale using a MOOC implemented under Moodle.

2017, 2017 Smart City Symposium Prague, Praha, ČVUT, Fakulta dopravní, Ústav dopravních systémů), ISBN 978-1-5386-3825-5

A smart city has to be a safe city. By recent terroristic attacks at Berlin, Brussel and Bordeaux the feeling of insecurity has been increased by many citizens. There is a call for smart surveillance cameras all over the city. Up to now surveillance cameras were not preferred by citizens because cameras threaten privacy of citizens. But privacy seems to be overruled by security. At this moment the video footage of cameras are analyzed after aggressive, criminal acts. There is a need for real time processing to capture criminals during or shortly after the criminal act. In this paper we discuss the use of surveillance cameras to localize and recognize faces from suspect individuals.