Ground direction finder (VDF), ADF, VOR and Doppler VOR, DME, ILS, MLS, ground ATC radar, weather Radar, SSR and transponder. Radar utilization for navigation during the flight. Area navigation (RNAV) - general philosophy, gauges and equipment, indication and sensors for RNAV, VOR/DME (RNAV). Autopilot and flight director. Satellite navigation, systems and backups.