Lidé na fakultě
Ing. Nela Krčmářová

2025, Young Transportation Engineers Conference 2024, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 43-49), ISBN 978-80-01-07445-9, ISSN 2336-5382

Split Hopkinson Bar is an experimental apparatus designed for acquiring material properties in dynamic regime. The apparatus is usually constructed as a single purpose experimental device for specific type of loading, most commonly either compression (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar) or tension (Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar). In this paper, a simple and highly modular design capable of testing for multiple types of loading is introduced, which can be a great advantage to obtain material properties under different loading conditions. The device was successfully assembled, including its electrical installation and implementation of a pneumatic launching system and was fitted with multiple sensors. Series of calibration procedures was conducted successfuly to analyze correct behaviour of the system. After calibration, the apparatus was subjected to multiple pilot tests with samples manufactured using 3D printing. The results were compared to those obtained using the quasi-static method.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf. (Scopus)

2025, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 206, ISSN 1879-3509

Along with metal foams and lattices based on various unit-cell architectures, sandwich panels have become a prospective solution to problems involving deformation energy mitigation. The combination of a face sheet and a porous core in the sandwich panel exhibits synergistic effects in its effective properties, which has attracted attention in the field of dynamic impact and blast perforation. Further advances can be inspired by the performance of interpenetrating phase composites (IPPCs). These novel meta-materials consist of two or more topologically continuous and three-dimensionally interconnected phases, where the matrix is reinforced by the microstructure of a foam or lattice. Using a combination of IPPC with a sandwich panel architecture based on a suitable filling material, it is possible to further enhance the specific deformation mitigation characteristics of the panel with respect to the strain rate dependence. Here, shear thickening non-Newtonian fluids (STFs) are a type of filling with the potential to greatly enhance the performance of sandwich panels in comparison to Newtonian fluid filling materials. In this paper, we investigate STF (polyethylene glycol with hydrophilic fumed silica) filled sandwich panels with an additively manufactured periodic core subjected to dynamic penetration at an intermediate and a high strain rate. Intermediate strain rate loading (maximum impact velocity of 2 m/s) is induced by a loading apparatus based on linear motors. The high strain rate loading is carried out using a direct impact Hopkinson bar (DIHB) apparatus at impact velocities of 10 m/s and 20 m/s. Both types of experiments were amply instrumented by high-speed cameras and in-situ X-ray radiographical imaging was used to reveal deformation processes within the microstructure of the panels including flash X-ray radiography of the DIHB experiments. The DIHB apparatus was equipped with a novel wireless instrumented striker recording its velocity using contactless linear encoders. To explore the potential and characteristics of such a bar velocity measurement, finite element simulations of void tests (i.e., impact experiments without a specimen) were performed in LS-DYNA and evaluated using the same methods and algorithms used to process the experimental data. A strong strain rate dependence was revealed in the impact behavior of the sandwich panels, while the contribution of the STF filling was clearly identified in both the mechanical and image data acquired during the experiments.

Článek v periodiku excerpovaném SCI Expanded

2025, Engineering Mechanics 2025: Book of full texts, Prague, Institute of Thermomechanics, AS CR, v.v.i.), ISBN 978-80-86246-99-4, ISSN 1805-8256

This paper presents two advanced in-situ X-ray imaging facilities developed for studying material behavior under dynamic loading conditions at both intermediate and high strain rates. The first facility, optimized for intermediate strain rate testing using an apparatus based on linear motors, utilizes continuous axial X-ray radiography to capture internal material processes during impact testing, with frame rates ranging from 100 fps to 500 fps using a laboratory camera, and up to 2000 fps using a high-speed camera. The second facility, designed for high strain rate testing, integrates a flash X-ray system capable of capturing ultra-high-speed events with frame rates in the tens of thousands of frames per second. This imaging system is coupled with modular Split Hopkinson Bar (SHPB), Direct Impact Hopkinson Bar (DIHB), and Open Hopkinson Pressure Bar (OHPB) devices for dynamic material testing, enabling precise measurements of force, velocity, and displacement. The facilities have enabled successful visualization and analysis of complex deformation and failure mechanisms in various materials, providing significant insights into deformation response under dynamicconditions. Despite challenges related to resolution, frame rates, and contrast, these systems offer valuableinsights with the potential for further optimization and comparison with particle-accelerator based results.

Stať ve sborníku z mezinár. konf. cizojazyčně

2025, Proceedings : ECCOMAS MSF 2025, Sarajevo, Association of Computational Mechanics in Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The study examines the impact of nanoparticle concentration and distribution on the mechanical behavior of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) integrated with additively manufactured structures under intermediate and high strain rates. Two STFs were prepared using hydrophilic fumed silica and styrene-acrylate copolymer nanoparticles in polyethylene glycol, with concentrations of 10–30 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nanoparticle agglomeration, influencing STF uniformity. At intermediate strain rates, STFs demonstrated effective energy absorption through prismatic collapse. At higher strain rates, inhomogeneous propagation allowed partial impactor penetration, limiting energy dissipation. However, the consistent thickening behavior highlights STFs’ potential for adaptive energy absorption. Ongoing research will focus on optimizing STF composition and integration for advanced engineering applications.

Abstrakt ve sborníku z lokální konf.

2024, Vol. 48 (2024): 19th Youth Symposium on Experimental Solid Mechanics, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 15-21), ISBN 978-80-01-07358-2

The paper deals with the examination of the ageing effects on the mechanical properties stability of 3D printed material via stereolithography under compression when subjected to various conditions, including UV radiation, X-rays, and the effects of time, from the opening of the bottle with the material to the 3D-printing process. The sets of samples under investigation were subjected to quasi-static and dynamic compression loading using an Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The aim of this paper is to investigate the long-term stability of the samples in terms of their mechanical properties and material behaviour and their degradation pattern. Despite the manufacturer’s information, it was found that the mechanical behaviour of the printed samples was significantly affected by the ageing process.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf. (Scopus)

2024, Transforming Construction: Advances in Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Springer Nature), p. 573-580), ISBN 978-3-031-70144-3, ISSN 2211-0844

he Ultra high-performance steel fibres reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) investigated in this paper is a fine-grained cement-based composite material with outstanding mechanical properties. Its key attributes include an ultra-high compressive strength in excess 150 MPa and a permanent post-cracking strength in excess 5 MPa. To increase its structural integrity, steel fibres 13 mm long and 0.2 mm in diameter are added to the matrix to reinforce it. In order to assess the properties of the UHPFRC under varying loading conditions, the prism-shaped specimens are subjected to three-point bending tests over a range of loading rates from quasi-static regime to dynamic impacts at intermediate strain rates. The experiments are performed using an in-house developed testing machine based on linear motors and are conducted at 4 different loading velocities with at least 5 specimens tested at each strain rate. The tests are observed using a high-speed camera. For a better understanding of the material behaviour, the testing equipment is combined with a laboratory high power X-ray imaging set-up that allows internal inspection of the samples to analyze the effect of imperfections, inhomogeneities, voids and dominant fibre orientation. X-ray imaging is performed before and after mechanical testing and also in-situ during the loading using a high-speed X-ray imaging camera. A significant dynamic increase factor is observed between the individual strain rates, while the dominant fibre orientation is identified as a crucial aspect causing the differences between the specimens. This innovative experimental approach provides invaluable insights into the material response to dynamic loading conditions and offers a comprehensive understanding that is crucial for optimizing its performance in a variety of real-world applications.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf.

2024, Materials Letters, 2024 (354), p. 1-4), ISSN 0167-577X

Processes of internal damage development during localized dynamic penetration represent a crucial mechanism important for relevant analysis of deformation and failure of plates and sandwich panels under high strain rate conditions. Soft cellular materials are of special importance as the internal damage defines mode of collapse and energy absorption capabilities. In this paper, a fast X-ray radiography is employed for in-situ analysis of the internal damage development in soft closed-cell aluminum foam subjected to a localized high strain rate penetration using an instrumented projectile in a direct impact Hopkinson bar apparatus. The process with a typical duration of a few milliseconds is visualized using four X-ray projections acquired using a flash X-ray system and a high-speed camera. Internal damage such as cracking, shear failure in the vicinity of the projectile, and compaction of the material is successfully identified. This unique method utilizing a laboratory based X-ray source allows for characterization of the penetration mechanism that has been usually analyzed only in post-mortem state.

Článek v periodiku excerpovaném SCI Expanded

2024, Emergent Materials, 2024, ISSN 2522-5731

Excellent mechanical properties of ultra high performance concrete make it suitable for use in special applications, where the material is subjected to dynamic phenomena such as impacts, explosions, or earthquakes. This paper presents a novel experimental approach that integrates a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar with a flash X-ray system and high-speed optical imaging to investigate the dynamic behavior of steel fiber reinforced UHPC under high strain rate uni-axial compression. In-situ Flash X-ray radiography emerges as a particularly effective tool, providing clear visualization of deformation response and overcoming challenges associated with flying debris encountered in optical inspection. Moreover, computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy appear as a vital technique for analyzing micro-structure and fiber distribution and orientation. The combined approach offers a promising method to study the dynamic behavior of steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete and also holds promise for analyzing more complex modes of deformation and material interactions, providing valuable insights for enhancing the design and performance of critical infrastructure subjected to dynamic loading events.

Článek v periodiku excerpovaném databází Scopus

2023, Young Transportation Engineers Conference 2022, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 89-97), ISBN 978-80-01-07224-0, ISSN 2336-5382

The article presents a study of the mechanical processes occurring during the aluminothermic reaction using experimental methods (strain gauges, digital image correlation, thermography, scanning electron microscopy, profilometry). The aluminothermic reaction is a highly efficient welding method due to its exothermic behaviour, however, it places considerable demands not only on the welding technique, but also on the capabilities of the experimental methods used; these limitations are also discussed in the article. The aluminothermic reaction is associated with the formation of a localised heat source with a time evolution dictated by the technological procedure, which manifests itself in heat propagation to the surrounding weld material. The unequal evolution of the temperature field is the fundamental cause of the appearance of the heat affected zone or local deformations or surface curvature, which was the focus of the experimental methods deployed above and the results of which are shown in the article.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf. (Scopus)

2023, Vol. 42 (2023): 18th Youth Symposium on Experimental Solid Mechanics, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 17-21), ISBN 978-80-01-07237-0, ISSN 2336-5382

This article focuses on the mechanical properties of basalt in compressive loading at different strain-rates. The study employs advanced instrumentation for the evaluation of the results in dynamic conditions, while standard uni-axial loading device is used for evaluation in quasi-static conditions. Basalt specimens were subjected to four different loading-rates from 200-600 s−1 on which the stress-strain dependence was evaluated together with DIC analysis of crack initiation and disintegration process. Understanding the mechanical properties of basalt can provide insights for engineers and designers in creating structures that are durable and able to withstand different loading conditions. The findings of this study can have implications for a wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and construction, among others.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf. (Scopus)

2023, Vol. 42 (2023): 18th Youth Symposium on Experimental Solid Mechanics, Praha, České vysoké učení technické v Praze), p. 51-54), ISBN 978-80-01-07237-0, ISSN 2336-5382

Ultra high performance concrete is a modern cementitious material which exhibits excellent mechanical properties such as damage tolerance, fracture toughness and durability. These features make this materials suitable for wide range of applications where is the material subjected to different modes of loading and different loading rates. This paper deals with measurement of the Ultra high performance concrete reinforced with steel fibres in quasi-static compression mode of deformation and two elevated strain rates using split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results of the measurement show high increase of the mechanical properties with elevated strain rate.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf.

2017

Zkoušky určování povrchové tvrdosti představují jedny z nejpoužívanějších zkoušek materiálů. Výhodou tohoto typu testu je jeho minimální destruktivnost, nízké náklady na jeho provádění a relativně jednoduché vyhodnocení. Tato diplomová práce se zabývá vytvořením automatizované procedury měření povrchové tvrdosti porézních materiálů. Tyto poznatky jsou využity pro napsání programu pro určování nejvhodnějších lokací pro indentaci. Vstupy pro vytvořený program jsou fotografie porézního materiálů. Složením těchto snímků je vytvořen pracovní obraz na němž jsou následně prováděny procedury sloužící k identifikaci nejvhodnějších lokací pro indent. Výstupem skriptu je G-kód pro CNC proceduru. Vytvořený G-kód je použit pro experimentální měření tvrdosti. Vytvořené indenty jsou nafoceny, poté jsou změřeny velikosti jejich úhlopříček, které poslouží jako základ pro výpočet tvrdosti podle Vickerse.

Diplomová práce

2017, ExNum 2016, Praha, CESKE VYSOKE UCENI TECHNICKE V PRAZE), p. 29-32), ISBN 978-80-01-06070-4, ISSN 2336-5382

The paper deals with investigation of deformation behaviour of gellan gum (GG) based structures prepared for regenerative medicine purposes. Investigated material was synthesized as porous spongy-like scaffold reinforced by bioactive glass (BAG) nano-particles in different concentrations. Deformation behavior was obtained employing custom designed experimental setup. This device equipped with bioreactor chamber allows to test the delivered samples under simulated physiological conditions with controlled flow and temperature. Cylindrical samples were subjected to uniaxial quasistatic loading in tension and compression. Material properties of plain GG scaffold and reinforced scaffold buffered by 50wt% and 70wt% BAG were derived from a set of tensile and compression tests. The results are represented in form of stress-strain curves calculated from the acquired force and displacement data.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf.

2017, Acta Polytechnica, 57 (1), p. 14-21), ISSN 1210-2709

This study is focuses on an investigation of the reinforcement effect of the bioactive glass nano-particles in the gellan gum (GG) scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering. The investigated material was synthesized as the porous spongy-like structure improved by the bioactive glass (BAG) nano-particles. Cylindrical samples were subjected to a uniaxial quasi-static loading in tension and compression. Very soft nature of the material, which makes the sample susceptible to damage, required employment of a custom designed experimental device for the mechanical testing. Moreover, as the mechanical properties are significantly influenced by testing conditions the experiment was performed using dry samples and also using samples immersed in the simulated body fluid. Material properties of the pure GG scaffold and the GG-BAG reinforced scaffold were derived from a set of tensile and compression tests under dry and simulated physiological conditions. The results are represented in the form of stress-strain curves calculated from the acquired force and displacement data.

Článek v periodiku excerpovaném databází Scopus cizojaz.

2017, ExNum 2016, Praha, CESKE VYSOKE UCENI TECHNICKE V PRAZE), p. 72-75), ISBN 978-80-01-06070-4, ISSN 2336-5382

Metal foams are innovative porous material used for wide range of application such as deformation energy or sound absorption, filter material, or microbiological incubation carrier. To predict mechanical properties of the metal foam is necessary to precisely describe elasto–plastic properties of the foam on cell–wall level. Indentation with low load is suitable tool for this purpose. In this paper custom designed instrumented microindentation device was used for measurement of cell-wall characteristics of two different aluminium foams (ALPORAS and ALCORAS). To demonstrate the possibility of automated statistical estimation of measured characteristics the device had been enhanced by semi-automatic indent positioning and evaluation procedures based on user-defined grid. Vickers hardness was measured on two samples made from ALPORAS aluminium foam and one sample from ALCORAS aluminium foam. Average Vickers hardness of ALPORAS foam was 24.465HV1.019 and average Vickers hardness of ALCORAS was 36.585HV1.019.

Stať ve sborníku z prestižní konf.

2017, Materials and Technology, 51 (3), p. 397-402), ISSN 1580-2949

The presented work is aimed at a demonstration of modern radiological methods for an investigation of the deformation behaviour of bone scaffolds. Bone scaffold is an artificial structure used for the repairs of trabecular bones damaged by injuries or degenerative diseases. In bone-tissue engineering a proper description of its deformation behaviour is one of the most important characteristics for an assessment of the biocompatibility and bone-integration characteristics of the proposed structure intended to be used as a bone scaffold. According to recent studies bioactive-glass-reinforced gellan-gum (GG-BAG) is a promising material for bone-scaffold production. However, its low specific stiffness and simultaneous low attenuation to X-rays makes both the mechanical and imaging parts of the deformation experiments difficult. As a result a state-of-the-art experimental setup composed of high-precision micro-loading apparatus designed for the X-ray observation of deformation processes and an advanced radiographical device is required for such experiments. High-resolution time-lapse micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (micro CT) under loading in three different imaging modes was performed to obtain a precise structural and mechanical description of the observed deforming GG-BAG scaffolds.

Článek v periodiku excerpovaném SCI Expanded

2017, 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY - PROGRAM AND BOOK OF ABSTRACTS, Ljubljana, Inštitut za kovinske materiale in tehnologije), ISBN 978-961-94088-1-0

The microtomography inspection was performed using the patented (European patent no. EP2835631) in-house designed modular radiographical imaging device equipped with scintillators, large single photon counting and spectroscopic detectors. From reconstructed volumetric data internal microarchitecture, porosity, cell-wall thickness and BAG distribution was derivated. The results were compared with the results of the planar analysis of thin scaffold layers prepared by cryosection.

Abstrakt ve sborníku z mezinár. konf.